Navigating in UNIX
| pwd | Shows the full path of the current directory |
| ls | Lists all the files in the current directory |
| ls -al | Lists all files and information |
| ls �alR | Lists all files and information in all subdirectories |
| ls -alR | more | Same as ls �alR, pausing when screen becomes full |
| ls -alR > filename.txt | Same as ls �alR, outputs the results to a file |
| ls *.html | Lists all files ending with .html |
| cd [directory name] | Changes to a new directory |
| cd .. | Changes to directory above current one |
| clear | Clears the screen |
| vdir | Gives a more detailed listing than the "ls" command |
| exit | Log off your shell |
Moving, Copying and Deleting Files
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| mv [old filename] [new filename] | Move/rename a file |
| cp [filename] [new filename] | Copies a file |
| rm [filename] | Deletes a file |
| rm * | Deletes all files in current directory |
| rm *.html | Deletes all files ending in .html |
Creating, Moving, Copying and Deleting Directories
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| mkdir [directory name] | Creates a new directory |
| ls -d */ | Lists all directories within current directory |
| cp -r [directory] [new directory] | Copies a directory and all files/directories in it |
Searching Files and Directories
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| find . -name [filename] -print | Searches for a file starting with current directory |
| grep [text] [filename] | Searches for text within a file |
File and Directory Permissions
There are three levels of file permissions: read, write and execute.� In addition, there are three groups to which you can assign permissions: file owner, user group and everyone.� The command chmod followed by three numbers is used to change permissions.� The first number is the permission for the owner, the second for the group and the third for everyone.� Here are how the levels of permission translate:
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| 0 = --- | No permission |
| 1 = --X | Execute only |
| 2 = -W- | Write only |
| 3 = -WX | Write and execute |
| 4 = R-- | Read only |
| 5 = R-X | Read and execute |
| 6 = RW- | Read and write |
| 7 = RWX | Read, write and execute |
It is preferred that the group always have permission of 0.� This prevents other users on the server from browsing files via Telnet and FTP.� Here are the most common file permissions used:
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| chmod 604 [filename] | Minimum permissions for HTML file |
| chmod 705 [directory name] | Minimum permissions for directories |
| chmod 755 [filename] | Minimum permissions for scripts & programs |
| chmod 606 [filename] | Permissions for data files used by scripts |
| chmod 703 [directory name] | Write-only permissions for public FTP uploading |
How do I unzip a file with telnet?
All of the below commands assume that you are within the same directory that the compressed file is in. To be sure type:
ls {enter}
If the file is there, you're ready to go. If not type:
cd /big/dom/xdomain/www/directory/ {enter}
replacing the path with the correct path to your file.
If a file ends in .zip (for example, file.zip) type:
unzip file.zip
If a file ends in .tar (e.g., file.tar) type:
tar -xvf file.tar
If a file ends in .gz (for example, file.gz) type:
gzip -d file.gz
If a file ends in .tar.gz (e.g. file.tar.gz) type:
gzip -d file.tar.gz
and then
tar -xvf file.tar
If a file ends in .tgz (e.g. file.tgz)
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